Abstract:
Childhood lifestyle, health-risk behaviours contribute to two-thirds of non-communicable diseases
(NCDs) premature mortality in adult populations. The co-occurrence of risk factors for NCDs is more harmful to
health than that of individual risk factor effects when are added independently. The main objective of the present
study was to explore the prevalence, sociodemographic distribution, and the co-occurrence of risk factors for NCDs
among in-school adolescents.
Methods: The present study is based on the secondary analysis of the first nationwide representative sample of the
2014 Tanzania Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS). A total sample of 3,793 in-school adolescents
was included in the present analysis. The dependent variables were as follows: an unhealthy diet, physical inactivity,
tobacco use, excessive alcohol use, and suicide attempt. The analysis involved the Chi squire χ2 test, multinomial
and multivariate regression models: to determine the association between the variables of interest. In all analyses,
the set level of statistical significance was a p-value of less than 0.05 at 95% confidence intervals.
Results: The most prevalent combination of risk factors for NCDs were as follows: unhealthy diet and physical
inactivity 666 (17.6%); unhealthy diet and suicide attempt 151 (4.0); unhealthy diet and tobacco use 98 (2.8); and
unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and suicide attempt 81 (2.1). In the adjusted regression model; having three 0.60
[0.40–0.91], and a sum of four and five 0.46 [0.28–0.79] risk factors than having no risk factor showed a significant
declined with increasing in adolescents age. Primary in-school adolescents than secondary in-school adolescents
were significantly more likely to have two 1.81 [1.42–2.32], three 2.40 [1.63–3.54]; and a sum of four and five 2.90
[1.61–5.13] combinations of risk factors.
Conclusion: The co-occurrence of lifestyle health-risk factors for NCDs was prevalent among in-school adolescents:
it was significantly higher among younger adolescents. A multi-strategy public health intervention program may be
more effective than that of a single risk factor approach: therefore, suitable for resource-limited settings, such as
Tanzania.
