Consequences of tooth loss on oral function and need for replacement of missing teeth among patients attending Muhimbili Dental Clinic

Abstract

ABSTRACT Background: Tanzanian oral health services constitute mainly of tooth extractions. Consequently, individuals susceptible to dental caries and periodontal diseases will have a substantial number of missing teeth, which can affect oral function. Objective: The main objective of this study was to determine the consequences of tooth loss on the oral function and need for replacement of lost teeth among patients seeking treatment at the School of Dentistry MUHAS. Materials and methods: During a period of three months, patients seeking dental treatment at the School of Dentistry were recruited for the study. Criteria included age of 20 years and above with one or more missing teeth except for third molars. Participants were interviewed for demographic information, chewing ability, symptoms of temporomandibular disorder and perceived need for replacement of missing teeth. Afterwards the subjects were examined to asses: caries status, tooth mobility, occlusal tooth wear, over eruption of unopposed teeth, and signs of temporomandibular disorders. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS 16. For comparison of proportions, chi-square analysis and t test were used. A linear regression analysis was performed, with the chewing ability score as the dependent variable and number of POP as the independent variable Results: A total of 361 subjects with mean age of 40.2 years (s.d. = 14.2, range = 20-93 years) were recruited into the study. About half 175 (48.5%) of the subjects reported some difficulty with chewing. Generally the fewer the occluding pairs present the greater the difficulty in chewing observed. Subjects with more than 6 posterior occlusal pairs appeared to have little problem in chewing across the whole range of foods. The frequency of signs and symptoms of TMD and excessive tooth wear increased with decreasing number of posterior occluding pairs, being more evident in subjects with less than 3 posterior occlusal pairs remaining. Over a third of the participants had one or more teeth with severe overeruption but none reported impairment of oral function. More than half of the subjects needed replacement for missing teeth Conclusions: From this study, it is concluded that tooth loss leading to a dentition of 5 to 6 occlusal pairs impairs chewing of hard foods but not soft foods. Extensive loss of teeth leading to less than 3 POP is associated with increased symptoms of TMD and excessive vii tooth wear of occluding teeth. Need for replacement of missing teeth is high for both anterior and posterior regions with the cost of dentures being the main barrier to replacement of missing teeth. Recommendations: Dental personnel should make an effort to identify individuals with risk of tooth loss in order to retain at least 6 well-distributed posterior occlusal pairs. Dental laboratory services need improvement in order to be able to provide quality replacement of missing teeth at affordable costs. Further long-term multicenter studies to evaluate the consequence of tooth loss and assist in giving a more accurate projection needs for dentures nationwide are required.