Factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding among nursing mothers in Njombe region, Tanzania

Abstract

ABSTRACT Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is important for infant development, but in Tanzania, the national prevalence is only 64%. In the Njombe region, it's slightly higher at 70%, yet the region also has a high stunting rate of 53.6%. Despite efforts to promote EBF in Njombe, it hasn't reached the recommended coverage of 90% set by the WHO standards. Aim: This study aimed to address this gap by examining the factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding practices among nursing mothers in the Njombe region. Methodology: A mixed-method study included 398 nursing mothers with infants aged 6-12 months from six randomly selected facilities, the study used both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Structured questionnaires gathered socio-demographic information and factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding, while qualitative data were collected from Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and In-depth Interviews with nursing mothers' spouses. Quantitative data analysis used SPSS version 26, computing summary statistics and applying the Chi-square test to measure associations. Qualitative data were analyzed through thematic analysis, identifying themes, and using Atlas Ti to organize quotes. Results: In the study, most nursing mothers (56.5%) were aged 25-35, with a majority (59.8%) being married and 59.5% having completed primary education. Qualitative insights indicated that traditional medicine, misunderstanding a baby's cry, and cultural practices impacted exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). Most mothers used traditional remedies before six months, often due to perceived hunger or growth concerns. Beliefs about breast changes and cultural views on crying influenced the early introduction of solid foods. Quantitative analysis revealed a link between professional support and higher EBF rates. Mothers who received counseling had significantly higher EBF rates (81.6%) compared to those without support (72.9%). Conclusion: This study highlights the interaction of family dynamics, healthcare guidance, and cultural influences on exclusive breastfeeding practices in the Njombe Region. It highlights the need for comprehensive interventions to address cultural beliefs, enhance healthcare provider education, and promote family involvement. Addressing these factors can lead to sustained improvements in exclusive breastfeeding, benefiting both mothers and infants in the region.